Asphalt, standard hot mix, 5.5% virgin bitumen, at plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U
Unit process Australia v00.00.000
Included processes: Process begins with raw materials (bitumen, various aggregates and fillers, RAP) received at asphalt plant. All on-site process are included: Bitumen is supplied and stored at elevated temperature (approx. 160 degrees), raw materials are conveyed into a rotary dryer, moisture evaporates and bitumen is added to make asphalt. Process ends with the asphalt mix ready for transport to site. No processes have been excluded. Remark: The composition provided is considered a typical composition for the product. The actual composition varies by region, client and plant. The (virgin) binder is the main driver for decreasing economic, social and environmental impacts and therefore products with various bitumen content have been defined for use in AusLCI. Asphalt plants typically operate using a batch mixer (rotary dryer) or drum mixer. In Australia, batch mixers are more common than drum mixers. Approximately 60% of asphalt plants operate as a batch plant. - Natural gas has been used in the energy calculations as it is the most common fuel for heating the raw materials in the rotary dryer. Other fuels (e.g. fuel oil; waste oil) can be used, but only a typical process using natural gas has been modelled. The natural gas usage depends on the operating temperature (e.g. hot vs. warm asphalt), actual mix design and the moisture content of the raw materials. - Electricity is used throughout the plant for various purposes, and is assumed not to significantly vary between different products. - Diesel is used in a Front End Loader and onsite RAP processing. - Energy use is estimated by Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) members and considered typical for Australian conditions. Depending on technology and plant efficiency, the maximum variation in natural gas use is estimated at +/- 60% and the maximum variation in electricity and diesel use is estimated at +/- 100%. - Water is typically only used for (dust suppression) sprinklers in summer. The average water usage per tonne is estimated based on data from one plant in Melbourne. - Transport distances for supply of raw materials to the asphalt plant are estimated typical values. - Asphalt waste is recycled internally. - Emissions to air are based on the updated US EPA document: "Emissions Factors & AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors", Section 11.1 Hot Mix Asphalt Plants (accessed 8 December 2015: http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch11/final/c11s01.pdf). An older version of this document is referenced in the Australian NPI Emission Estimation Technical Manual for Hot Mix Asphalt Manufacturing June 1999. - Land use is estimated based on the footprint of one typical plant in Melbourne. - Capital goods are based on ecoinvent (concrete plants), but adjusted for a typical asphalt plant output volume of 100,000 tonnes per annum. The lifetime of the plant is assumed to be 50 years. Geography: Australia Technology: Average / Typical Time period: Data representative for 2015 Version: 1.0 Record: Rob Rouwette, start2see, rob.rouwette@start2see.com.au Generator: Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA)
- Sector
- Material
- Contributor
- —
- Last updated
- 01 Jan 2016
- Reference ID
a6a37cd9-0419-3440-9ad9-4ad9678ed3fe
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Documentation
- Quantitative reference
- Asphalt, standard hot mix, 5.5% virgin bitumen, at plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U
- Sampling procedure
- Data provided by AAPA Technical Committee based on internal company data and expert estimates
- Creation date
- 01 Jan 2016
- Is copyright protected
- No
- Is infrastructure process
- No
- Tags
- material
- Sources
- —
Product outputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asphalt, standard hot mix, 5.5% virgin bitumen, at plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 1.0 | t | 0% recycled asphalt |
Technical inputs
| Flow | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asphalt, Recycled Asphalt Product (RAP), at point of origin {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | t | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA |
| Bitumen seal {RoW}| bitumen seal production | Cut-off, U | 0.055 | t | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA |
| Concrete mixing factory {GLO}| market for concrete mixing factory | Cut-off, U | 0.0000004 | Item(s) | (4,5,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. Based on typical plant 100,000 t/yr output. 25 yr lifetime; as ecoinvent process for concrete mixing plant |
| Diesel, burned in building machine {GLO}| market for diesel, burned in building machine | Cut-off, U | 8.49 | MJ | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. +/- 100% variation between plants; 0.22 L/t; 38.6 MJ/L |
| Electricity, low voltage {AU}| market for electricity, low voltage | AusLCI, U | 6.0 | kWh | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. +/- 100% variation between plants |
| Gravel, crushed {RoW}| market for gravel, crushed | Cut-off, U | 0.25 | t | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. Filler - assumed quarry fines with similar impact as crushed rock (they come out of the same process) Filler could also be sourced from baghouse dust filters, flyash, .... |
| Gravel, crushed {RoW}| market for gravel, crushed | Cut-off, U | 0.495 | t | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA |
| Natural gas, high pressure, Australia {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 5.533678756476684 | kg | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. 300 MJ/t +/- 60% variation between plants |
| Sand {RoW}| market for sand | Cut-off, U | 0.2 | t | (3,1,1,1,1,na); from AAPA |
| Tap water, at user, Australia {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 5.0 | kg | (4,5,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. used for sprinkler system in summer; 50% reticulated |
| Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 49.5 | t*km | (4,1,1,1,1,na) From AAPA. The transport distances are approximate values. If transport is important for your study, actual transport scenarios should be determined. |
| Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 0.0 | t*km | (4,1,1,1,1,na) From AAPA. The transport distances are approximate values. If transport is important for your study, actual transport scenarios should be determined. |
| Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 25.0 | t*km | (4,1,1,1,1,na) From AAPA. The transport distances are approximate values. If transport is important for your study, actual transport scenarios should be determined. |
| Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 11.0 | t*km | (4,1,1,1,1,na) From AAPA. The transport distances are approximate values. If transport is important for your study, actual transport scenarios should be determined. |
| Transport, truck, 28t, fleet average {AU}| | AusLCI, U | 20.0 | t*km | (4,1,1,1,1,na) From AAPA. The transport distances are approximate values. If transport is important for your study, actual transport scenarios should be determined. |
Elementary flow inputs
| Flow | Sub-compartment | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupation, industrial area, built up | — | 0.207 | m2*a | (3,4,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. estimate based on typical plant, 100,000 t/yr; 25 yrs |
| Transformation, from unspecified | unspecified | 0.0083 | m2 | (3,4,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. estimate based on typical plant, 100,000 t/yr; 25 yrs |
| Transformation, to industrial area, built up | — | 0.0083 | m2 | (3,4,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. estimate based on typical plant, 100,000 t/yr; 25 yrs |
| Water, stormwater | — | 5.0 | kg | (4,5,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. used for sprinkler system in summer; 50% recycled water |
Elementary flow outputs
| Flow | Compartment | Sub-compartment | Amount | Unit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acenaphthene | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00000045 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Acetaldehyde | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00016 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Acetic acid | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000044999999999999996 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Arsenic, ion | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.00000023 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Barium (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.00000075 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Benzaldehyde | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000065 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Benzene | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00014 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000000003 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Beryllium (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.000000075 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Butane | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00020999999999999998 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Cadmium (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.000000305 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Carbon dioxide, fossil | Emission to air | high population density | 16.8 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Carbon monoxide, fossil | Emission to air | high population density | 0.0006299999999999999 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Chromium (VI) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.000000024 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Chromium, ion | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.000000285 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Copper, ion | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.0000014 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Dinitrogen monoxide | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000029999999999999997 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000000000000009 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Ethyl benzene | Emission to air | high population density | 0.0011 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Formaldehyde | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00037 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Heat, waste | Emission to air | high population density | 1.1 | MJ | uncertainty of operation supply energy and heating value |
| Lead (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.000000445 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Manganese (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.00000345 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Mercury (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.000000205 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Methane, fossil | Emission to air | high population density | 0.0037 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Nickel (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.0000015 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Nitrogen oxides | Emission to air | high population density | 0.0125 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000003 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Particulate Matter, < 2.5 um | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00415 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Particulates, < 10 um | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.0135 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Pentane | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00035999999999999997 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Propane | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000059999999999999995 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Propionic acid | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000006 | kg | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Selenium IV | Emission to air | high population density | 0.000000245 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Sulfur dioxide | Emission to air | high population density | 0.0023 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Toluene | Emission to air | high population density | 0.0005 | kg | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumen and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Water | Emission to air | high population density | 10.0 | kg | (4,5,1,1,1,na); from AAPA. Evaporated water from sprinklers |
| Xylenes, unspecified | Emission to air | high population density | 0.00135 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
| Zinc (II) | Emissions to air | high. pop. | 0.0000034 | kg | Based on USEPA reported value. |
Parameters
| Name | Value | Formula | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| M_Butane | 0.00020999999999999998 | EF_NG_Butane*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Copper | 0.0000014 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Benzaldehyde | 0.000065 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| km_filler | 100.0 | — | (4,1,1,1,1,na) Transport distance from supplier to asphalt plant |
| EF_USEPA_Beryllium | 0.000000075 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Xylene | 0.00135 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Carbon_dioxide | 18.5 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| M_PAH | 0.000003 | EF_NG_PAH*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Nickel | 0.0000015 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| M_Benzoapyrene | 0.000000003 | EF_NG_Benzoapyrene*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| Composition | 100.0 | 100*(Bitumen+Fine_aggregates+Coarse_aggregates+Filler+RAP) | Check if mass is 100% |
| EF_NG_Benzene | 0.0000004 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| RAP | — | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) RAP content - Recycled Asphalt Product |
| M_Acetaldehyde | 0.00016 | Max(EF_NG_Acetaldehyde*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Acetaldehyde) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Toluene | 0.0005 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Selenium | 0.000000245 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Nitrogen_oxides | 0.0125 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Chromium | 0.000000285 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| km_RAP | 25.0 | — | (4,1,1,1,1,na) Transport distance from supplier to asphalt plant |
| M_Carbon_monoxide | 0.0006299999999999999 | EF_NG_Carbon_monoxide*MJNaturalGas | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Acenaphthene | 0.00000045 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_NG_Acetic_acid | 0.00000015 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_USEPA_Acetaldehyde | 0.00016 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Cadmium | 0.000000305 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Sulfur_dioxide | 0.0023 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| Filler | 0.25 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) Filler (fines, dust, flyash, etc.) content |
| EF_NG_Methane | 0.000002 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_USEPA_Methane | 0.0037 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| M_Pentane | 0.00035999999999999997 | EF_NG_Pentane*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Zinc | 0.0000034 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_NG_Mercury | 0.00000000003 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. trace element in natural gas |
| M_Dinitrogen_monoxide | 0.000029999999999999997 | EF_NG_Dinitrogen_monoxide*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| EF_NG_PAH | 0.00000001 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_NG_Formaldehyde | 0.0000001 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_NG_Nitrogen_oxides | 0.0000179 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. calculated based on (SVGW 2002) |
| EF_USEPA_Manganese | 0.00000345 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| Coarse_aggregates | 0.495 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) Coarse aggregate content |
| km_coarse | 100.0 | — | (4,1,1,1,1,na) Transport distance from supplier to asphalt plant |
| EF_NG_Dinitrogen_monoxide | 0.0000001 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_NG_Dioxin | 0.00000000000000003 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| M_Carbon_dioxide | 16.8 | EF_NG_Carbon_dioxide*MJNaturalGas | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| km_fine | 100.0 | — | (4,1,1,1,1,na) Transport distance from supplier to asphalt plant |
| EF_NG_Sulfur_dioxide | 0.00000055 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. composition of natural gas |
| km_bitumen | 200.0 | — | (4,1,1,1,1,na) Transport distance from supplier to asphalt plant |
| M_Benzene | 0.00014 | Max(EF_NG_Benzene*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Benzene) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_NG_Carbon_monoxide | 0.0000021 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. calculated based on (SVGW 2002) |
| EF_NG_Benzoapyrene | 0.00000000001 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| M_Formaldehyde | 0.00037 | Max(EF_NG_Formaldehyde*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Formaldehyde) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| Fine_aggregates | 0.2 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) Sand content |
| EF_USEPA_Barium | 0.00000075 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| M_Sulfur_dioxide | 0.0023 | Max(EF_NG_Sulfur_dioxide*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Sulfur_dioxide) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| M_Acetic_acid | 0.000044999999999999996 | EF_NG_Acetic_acid*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| M_Toluene | 0.0005 | Max(EF_NG_Toluene*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Toluene) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Carbon_monoxide | 0.2 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_NG_Propionic_acid | 0.00000002 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_USEPA_Arsenic | 0.00000023 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_NG_Toluene | 0.0000002 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_USEPA_Mercury | 0.000000205 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Benzene | 0.00014 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Benzene_ethyl | 0.0011 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| M_Methane | 0.0037 | Max(EF_NG_Methane*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Methane) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Particulates_10_um | 0.0135 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| M_Propionic_acid | 0.000006 | EF_NG_Propionic_acid*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| EF_NG_Acetaldehyde | 0.000000001 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_NG_Particulates_2_5_um | 0.0000002 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. literature |
| M_Propane | 0.000059999999999999995 | EF_NG_Propane*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| M_Mercury | 0.000000205 | Max(EF_NG_Mercury*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Mercury) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| M_Dioxin | 0.000000000000009 | EF_NG_Dioxin*MJNaturalGas | Based on emission estimates based from natural gas use. |
| NaturalGas_CV | 38.6 | — | — |
| EF_NG_Carbon_dioxide | 0.056 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. composition of natural gas |
| EF_USEPA_Formaldehyde | 0.00037 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_USEPA_Lead | 0.000000445 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| Bitumen | 0.055 | — | (2,1,1,1,1,na) Bitumen content |
| D_NaturalGas | 0.712 | — | https://www.unitrove.com/engineering/tools/gas/natural-gas-density |
| m3Naturalgas | 7.772020725388601 | MJNaturalGas/NaturalGas_CV | — |
| MJNaturalGas | 300.0 | — | — |
| M_Nitrogen_oxides | 0.0125 | Max(EF_NG_Nitrogen_oxides*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Nitrogen_oxides) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_USEPA_Chromium_VI | 0.000000024 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |
| EF_NG_Pentane | 0.0000012 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| M_Particulates_2_5_um | 0.00415 | Max(EF_NG_Particulates_2_5_um*MJNaturalGas;EF_USEPA_Particulates_2_5_um) | Uses maximum value between USEPA data on emission from bitumin and emission estimates based on natural gas use. |
| EF_NG_Propane | 0.0000002 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_NG_Butane | 0.0000007 | — | Emission in kg per MJ of natural gas use - from ecoinvent 2.2 process for Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW/RER U. rough estimate, high uncertainty |
| EF_USEPA_Particulates_2_5_um | 0.00415 | — | Emission in kg per tonne asphalt - from USEPA |