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Clinker, China, at plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U

Unit process Australia v00.00.001

Included processes: Includes the whole manufacturing process to produce clinker (raw material provision, grinding and mixing; rotary kiln process), internal processes (transport, etc.) and for the infrastructure only the rotary kiln (material consumption) is taken into account. No administration is included. Waste (as secondary fuel and raw material) enter the system without environmental burdens from upstream processes. Only its transports to the cement plant and its burning emissions are included. Remark: Special inputs (Not taken into account as they enter the system burdenfree) are waste materials which are used as fuel (e.g. dried sludge, used oil, etc.) and as secondary raw materials (e.g. pyrite ash, sludges, moulding sand, etc). Geography: Clinker production in China Technology: Based on typical technology for clinker production in Australia, types of fuels and electiricty used as per current Chinese technology Production volume: Not known Record: Data entry by: Bharat Sharma Telephone: +61 449 787 612; E-mail: brett@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Lifecycle Strategies; Country: AU Generator: Data entry by: Bharat Sharma Telephone: +61 449 787 612; E-mail: brett@lifecycles.com.au; Company: Lifecycle Strategies; Country: AU

Sector
Other Materials
Contributor
—
Last updated
12 Oct 2026
Reference ID
53970ee1-91c3-3d05-b246-2f9eee6ff32a

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Documentation

Quantitative reference
Clinker, China, at plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U
Sampling procedure
From the data made available by Cement Industry Federation Australia
Creation date
27 Mar 2015
Is copyright protected
No
Is infrastructure process
No
Tags
material
Sources
Life Cycle Inventories of Building Products/2007/Kellenberger D.

Product outputs

Flow AmountUnitComment
Clinker, China, at plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U 1.0 kg CHINA

Technical inputs

Flow AmountUnitComment
Ammonia, anhydrous, liquid {RoW}| market for ammonia, anhydrous, liquid | Cut-off, U 0.0007 kg (1,4,1,5,2,5); taken from BAT document
Bauxite {GLO}| market for bauxite | Cut-off, U 0.0471 kg (1,1,3,1,1,5);
Black coal, QLD, at mine {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.19247619047619047 kg (2,1,1,2,1,5);
Calcareous marl {RoW}| market for calcareous marl | Cut-off, U 0.04710000000000014 kg —
Cement factory {GLO}| market for cement factory | Cut-off, U 0.00000000000627 Item(s) (2,1,1,1,1,5);
Coke {GLO}| market for coke | Cut-off, U 0.0 MJ (2,1,1,2,1,5); taken from ecoinvent database
Diesel, burned in building machine {GLO}| market for diesel, burned in building machine | Cut-off, U 0.0 MJ (2,1,1,2,1,5); taken from ecoinvent database
Electricity, medium voltage {CN}| market group for electricity, medium voltage | Cut-off, U 0.07316 kWh (2,1,1,2,1,5);
Industrial machine, heavy, unspecified {RoW}| market for industrial machine, heavy, unspecified | Cut-off, U 0.0000376 kg (4,4,1,1,1,5); taken from ecoinvent database
Iron ore concentrate {GLO}| market for iron ore concentrate | Cut-off, U 0.031400000000000004 kg (1,1,3,1,1,5);
Light fuel oil {RoW}| market for light fuel oil | Cut-off, U 0.0000376 kg (2,1,1,2,1,5); taken from ecoinvent database
Limestone, crushed, for mill {RoW}| market for limestone, crushed, for mill | Cut-off, U 1.393375 kg (2,1,3,3,2,5);
Lubricating oil {RoW}| market for lubricating oil | Cut-off, U 0.0000471 kg (2,1,1,2,1,5); taken from ecoinvent database
Natural gas, high pressure {RoW}| market for natural gas, high pressure | Cut-off, U 0.0004212464977762103 m3 (2,1,1,1,1,5); [ The original product with unit "MJ" (Energy) was automatically replaced by SimaPro with the current product with unit "m3" (Volume) using conversion factor 1 m3/MJ. ]
Sand {RoW}| market for sand | Cut-off, U 0.05102499999999999 kg (1,1,3,1,1,5); rest of the silica is obtained from the impurites in Limestone
Tallow, unrefined {GLO}| tallow, unrefined, Recycled Content cut-off | Cut-off, U 0.0 kg —
Transport, freight, rail {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.08778262499999999 t*km (2,1,1,1,1,5);
Transport, freight, rail {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.003214574999999999 t*km (2,1,1,1,1,5); assumed same as limestone transport
Transport, truck, 40t load {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.002806374999999999 t*km (2,1,1,1,1,5); assumed same as limestone transport
Transport, truck, 40t load {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.076635625 t*km (3,3,1,1,1,5);
Waste oil, delivered to plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.005366462446108463 kg —
Waste tyre, delivered to plant {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.0 kg —

Outputs to treatment

Flow AmountUnitComment
Waste treatment, inert waste, at landfill {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.00008 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5);
Waste treatment, inert waste, at landfill {AU}| | AusLCI, U 0.000045 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5);

Elementary flow inputs

Flow Sub-compartment AmountUnitComment
Water, unspecified natural origin, CN — 0.67 l (1,1,1,1,1,2);

Elementary flow outputs

Flow CompartmentSub-compartment AmountUnitComment
Acetaldehyde Emission to airunspecified 0.00000217 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Ammonia Emission to airunspecified 0.0000228 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Antimony, ion Emissions to air— 0.000000002 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Arsenic, ion Emissions to air— 0.000000012 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Benzene Emission to airunspecified 0.000000226 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Beryllium (II) Emissions to air— 0.0000000105 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Cadmium (II) Emissions to air— 0.00000000101 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Carbon dioxide, fossil Emission to airunspecified 0.9189668476328 kg Based on emission factors from NGAF 2014
Carbon dioxide, non-fossil Emission to airunspecified 0.0 kg Based on emission factors from NGAF 2014
Carbon monoxide, fossil Emission to airunspecified 0.000619 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Chromium (VI) Emissions to air— 0.0000000263 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Chromium, ion Emissions to air— 0.00000000145 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Cobalt II Emission to airunspecified 0.000000004 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Copper, ion Emissions to air— 0.000000839 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Emission to airunspecified 0.00000000000096 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Hydrochloric acid Emissions to air— 0.00000631 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Lead (II) Emissions to air— 0.0000000518 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Mercury (II) Emissions to air— 0.0000000257 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Methane, fossil Emission to airunspecified 0.000006216889168861272 kg Based on emission factors from NGAF 2014
Methane, non-fossil Emission to airunspecified 0.0 kg From ecoinvent process
NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds Emissions to air— 0.0000564 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Nickel (II) Emissions to air— 0.000000005 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Nitrogen dioxide Emission to airunspecified 0.000002763471590922152 kg Based on emission factors from NGAF 2014
Nitrogen oxides Emission to airunspecified 0.00254 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Organic chlorine compounds Emissions to air— 0.00000784 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Particulate Matter, < 2.5 um Emission to airlow population density 0.0000185 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Particulate Matter, > 10 um Emission to airlow population density 0.00000566 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Particulate Matter, > 2.5 um and < 10um Emission to airlow population density 0.00000792 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Polychlorinated dioxins and furans Emissions to air— 0.000000000000693 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Selenium IV Emission to airunspecified 0.000000002 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Sulfur dioxide Emission to airunspecified 0.000334 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Thallium (I) Emissions to air— 0.000000013 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Tin ion Emission to airunspecified 0.000000009 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
VOC, volatile organic compounds Emission to airunspecified 0.0000396 kg (1,2,1,1,1,na); From NPI data
Vanadium V Emission to airunspecified 0.000000005 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process
Zinc (II) Emissions to air— 0.00000006 kg (2,1,1,1,1,5); From ecoinvent process

Parameters

NameValueFormulaDescription
ED_Gas 51.039 — MJ/kg derived from rom National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014, considering density of gas as 0.77 kg/m3
fr_clinker 0.95 — (2,1,1,1,1,2); Cement comprises of 95% clinker and 5% gypsum
fr_coal 0.94 — (2,1,1,1,1,4); 94% of fuel requirement come from Coal, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
fr_siliconoxide 0.21 — (2,1,3,1,1,5); As per CIF Australia, 21% of raw meal is Silicon Oxide.
ED_tallow 23.4 — (3,1,1,1,1,na); GJ/t, energy content of Tallow fuel used in cement production. (2,5,1,1,1,na)
ED_Coke 28.0 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); Value from http://www.natural-gas.com.au/about/references.html
CO2_EF_Fueloil 72.9 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
fr_rawmeal 1.57 — (2,3,2,3,2,5); Assuming 1.57 kg of raw material is required to produce 1 kg of clinker as per a study of cement industries in EU.
fr_ironoxide 0.02 — (2,1,3,1,1,5); As per CIF Australia, 2% of raw meal is Iron Oxide.
N2O_EF_Fueloil 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CO2_limecalcination 0.544 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/tclinker From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
CH4_Tyres — m_tyres*ED_tyres*CH4_EF_tyres/1000 —
m_sand 0.05102499999999999 (fr_siliconoxide*fr_rawmeal)-((fr_calciumcarbonate*fr_rawmeal)/LimestonePurity-(fr_calciumcarbonate*fr_rawmeal)) Considering that 20% impurities in limestone is silica and rest of the 21% added as sand
km_road 55.0 — (2,1,1,1,1,4); weighted mean of road distance of 7 main integrated cement plants from quarry
CO2_EF_Tyres 79.9 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
N2O_EF_tyres 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CO2_EF_Diesel 69.2 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
CH4_Fueloil 0.000000002367187861272 m_fueloil*ED_fueloil*CH4_EF_fueloil/1000 —
ED_diesel 45.626 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); MJ/kg, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
CO2_Coke — m_coke*ED_coke*CO2_EF_coke/1000 —
fr_water 0.67 — (2,1,1,1,1,na); 670 litres per tonne of cement, as per CIF Industry Report 2013. Assuming 100% water is used till clinker production.
CH4_EF_wasteoil 0.001428571 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, adopted same as fuel oil, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
m_coal 0.19247619047619047 fr_coal*MJ_fuel/ED_coal —
tkm_limestonerail 0.08778262499999999 m_limestone*km_rail/1000 —
fr_diesel — — (2,1,1,1,1,4); 0% of fossil fuel requirement come from diesel, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
fr_gas 0.005 — (2,1,1,1,1,na); 0.5 % of fuel requirement is assumed to come from gas, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
CH4_Gas 0.0000001023809575 m_Gas*ED_Gas*CH4_EF_Gas/1000 —
N2O_EF_tallow 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
fr_tallow — — (2,1,1,1,1,4); 0% of fuel requirement come from tallow, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
m_diesel — fr_diesel*MJ_fuel/ED_diesel —
plantlife 25.0 — (na,na,na,na,na,na)
m_water 0.67 fr_water —
CO2_Gas 0.0011008 m_Gas*ED_Gas*CO2_EF_Gas/1000 —
ED_FuelOil 44.07 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); MJ/kg, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
km_rail 63.0 — (2,1,1,1,1,4); weighted mean of rail distance of 7 main integrated cement plants from quarry
CO2_Tallow — m_Tallow*ED_Tallow*CO2_EF_Tallow/1000 —
N2O_Coal 0.000002607740762 m_coal*ED_Coal*N2O_EF_Coal/1000 —
CO2_Fueloil 0.0001207976328 m_fueloil*ED_fueloil*CO2_EF_fueloil/1000 —
N2O_EF_Coal 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
m_Gas 0.0004212464977762103 fr_gas*MJ_fuel/ED_gas —
CH4_EF_tallow 0.002857143 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
ED_wasteoil 44.07 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); MJ/kg, adopted same as Fuel oils
CO2_Coal 0.3565044 m_coal*ED_Coal*CO2_EF_Coal/1000 —
CH4_EF_Gas 0.004761905 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
N2O_Tyres — m_tyres*ED_tyres*N2O_EF_tyres/1000 —
CO2_EF_Coal 88.2 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
N2O_Fueloil 0.0000000010690524221519999 m_fueloil*ED_fueloil*N2O_EF_fueloil/1000 —
m_tallow — fr_tallow*MJ_fuel/ED_tallow —
m_limestone 1.393375 (fr_calciumcarbonate*fr_rawmeal)/LimestonePurity Assuming Limestone contains 80% Calcium Carbonate and 20% Silicon impurities
tkm_sandroad 0.002806374999999999 m_sand*km_road/1000 —
ED_Tyres 26.5 — (3,1,1,1,1,na); GJ/t, energy content of Tyres fuel used in cement production. (2,5,1,1,1,na)
fr_calciumcarbonate 0.71 — (2,1,3,1,1,5); As per CIF Australia, 71% of raw meal is Calcium Oxide.
m_wasteoil 0.005366462446108463 fr_wasteoil*MJ_fuel/ED_wasteoil —
N2O_Tallow — m_Tallow*ED_Tallow*N2O_EF_Tallow/1000 —
CO2_wasteoil 0.017240850000000002 m_wasteoil*ED_wasteoil*CO2_EF_wasteoil/1000 —
fr_tyre — — (2,1,1,1,1,4); 0% of fossil fuel requirement come from tyre, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
CO2_Diesel — m_Diesel*ED_Diesel*CO2_EF_Diesel/1000 —
N2O_EF_Gas 0.0000968 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
m_tyres — fr_tyre*MJ_fuel/ED_Tyres —
m_other 0.04710000000000014 fr_rawmeal-(m_limestone+m_sand+m_bauxite+m_ironore) Assuming rest of the 3% part of the raw meal is calcareous marl
N2O_EF_wasteoil 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, adopted same as fuel oil, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CH4_EF_Coal 0.001428571 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CO2_EF_Coke 104.9 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
m_ironore 0.031400000000000004 fr_ironoxide*fr_rawmeal —
CH4_Diesel — m_Diesel*ED_Diesel*CH4_EF_Diesel/1000 —
CH4_EF_diesel 0.004761905 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CH4_Coal 0.000005774283982 m_coal*ED_Coal*CH4_EF_Coal/1000 —
N2O_Gas 0.0000000020812 m_Gas*ED_Gas*N2O_EF_Gas/1000 —
fr_coke — — (2,1,1,1,1,4); 0% of fossil fuel requirement come from coke, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
m_coke — fr_coke*MJ_fuel/ED_Coke —
CH4_Tallow — m_Tallow*ED_Tallow*CH4_EF_Tallow/1000 —
LimestonePurity 0.8 — (2,2,1,1,1,na); Assuming Limestone contains 80% Calcium Carbonate and 20% Silicon impurities
fr_aluminiumoxide 0.03 — (2,1,3,1,1,5); As per CIF Australia, 3% of raw meal is Aluminium Oxide.
CO2_EF_Tallow 2.75 — (3,1,1,1,1,na); kg/kg, Estimated from 75% Carbon content assuming 100% oxidation- note this is biogenic carbon
N2O_wasteoil 0.00000015258057649999998 m_wasteoil*ED_wasteoil*N2O_EF_wasteoil/1000 —
CH4_EF_coke 0.001428571 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CH4_wasteoil 0.0000003378570415 m_wasteoil*ED_wasteoil*CH4_EF_wasteoil/1000 —
kwh_electricitycement 118.0 — (2,1,1,1,1,5); kwh/t of Cement (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
m_bauxite 0.0471 fr_aluminiumoxide*fr_rawmeal —
MJ_fuel 4.3 — (2,1,2,1,1,4); MJ/kg of Clinker as per CIF forecast for 2012
N2O_Coke — m_coke*ED_coke*N2O_EF_coke/1000 —
CH4_EF_Fueloil 0.001428571 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
N2O_Diesel — m_Diesel*ED_Diesel*N2O_EF_Diesel/1000 —
CO2_Tyres — m_tyres*ED_tyres*CO2_EF_tyres/1000 —
tkm_sandrail 0.003214574999999999 m_sand*km_rail/1000 —
N2O_EF_coke 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
CH4_EF_tyres 0.000952381 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
fr_wasteoil 0.055 — (2,1,1,1,1,4); 5.5% of fossil fuel requirement come from wasteoil, (Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry by Michael Taylor, Cecilia Tam and Dolf Gielen)
fr_electricity 0.62 — (2,5,1,3,2,5); 62% of electrical energy is consumed in production of clinker as per a study, A critical review on energy use and savings in the cement industry by Madlool and collegues.
N2O_EF_diesel 0.000645161 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014 back calculated using IPCC SAR GWP factors as per NGA
ED_Coal 21.0 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); GJ/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
CO2_EF_wasteoil 72.9 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); kg/GJ, adopted same as fuel oil
tkm_limestoneroad 0.076635625 m_limestone*km_road/1000 —
CO2_EF_Gas 51.2 — (1,1,1,1,1,na); t/t, From National Greenhouse Accounts Factors July 2014
m_ammonia 0.0007 0.7/1000 0.7 kg ammonia per tonne of clinker as per Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide
kwh_electricity 0.07316 kwh_electricitycement*fr_electricity/1000 kwh/kg electricity requirement
CH4_Coke — m_coke*ED_coke*CH4_EF_coke/1000 —
m_Fueloil 0.0000376 0.0000376 As ecoinvent process